Vo Minh Tap
Ph.D. Candidate,
Proceedings
of International Conference on Green Technology
and Sustainable Development 2014 (GTSD'14), HCMC. (Phát triển công nghệ xanh trong thế kỉ XXI: Tương lai của nền kinh tế
thế giới và Việt Nam).
ABSTRACT
This article will analyze and clarify the context of developing green
technology; activities and solutions which are using to expand green technology
around the world. From that, look into the actual situation about promoting
green technology in Vietnam and solutions oriented to develop green technology
in the near future. Clarification on the above problems of green technology
which is considered a strategic priority economic of all countries, including
Vietnam, also answering the question about future of world economy in XXI
century.
Key words: green
technology, economic, Vietnam and the World, development…
1. THE
CONTEXT OF GREEN ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
In the early XXI century, humanity faces many
challenges, which are greatly impacts on many areas of social life,
particularly in the economic field – the determiningfactor in national
development. Many issues are set out in the new century. According to study
recently, 80% of the energy demand worldwide particularly the fossil fuels
(oil, gas, coal) are depleted in the next 60 to 100 years[1].
Energy needs of the world is increasing rapidly due to
the demand for energy use and investment in developed and developing countries,
mostly in the new consumption centers emerging as China, India, industrialization
process in developing countries while there are still limiting alternative
energy resource, rapid population growth, making the world oil demand growing
rapidly[2].
On the other hand, resource contention issues and energy security in the world
is also make the global energy problem more difficult to solve. In order to
solving the problem, the solution was made to develop new, clean technologies.
Especially the issue of climate change with the
reducing of CO2 emissions in recent years require increasingly
urgent for the development of clean technology, green technology. The global economic crisis in 2008 was the explosion
of contradictions mentioned above, it is not only a financial crisis, but also
the energy, food crisis and the crisis of poor growth mode sustainability at
the global level.
Global economic recession, energy shortages serious,
climate change and its serious consequences to the economic life - human
society... all factors that lead to the development of clean technology.
Development of green technology has become a urgent
needs, as a priority strategy to cope with the crisis and after the economic
crisis in many countries According to experts, green development strategy has become a turning
point for the recovery of the global economy and also a new impetus to the
promotion of global economic sustainable development. The United Nations also
said that economic policy is clear development path required by the global
economy in the future.
2. WHAT IS THE
GREEN TECHNOLOGY?
In general, green technology is the activities aimed
at two purposes: (1) reducing the toxicity of old technology, (2) creating new
technology environmentally friendly and does not cause more harm to the
environment. Green technology is the technology used primarily renewable
energy, bio-energy, reducing consumption of gasoline, oil and reducing CO2
emissions.
The goal of green technology is geared towards the sustainable
economic development. Green technology is considered important technological
quality, not quantity, enhance valid for use not only enhance the value and
money...
The fields of green technology platform are: clean
energy and clean technology, energy efficiently, reducing the energy which
cause environmental pollution, build housing with clean material, set
transportation systems and infrastructure which are environmental friendly,
sustainable agricultural development…
3. GREEN TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT IN THE WORLD: ACTION AND
SOLUTIONS
In the context of the post-crisis global economy,
leaders of countries around the world are trying to find a new growth impetus
for the economy, in order to quickly overcome the economic downturn, conversion
growth model and restructuring the economy. New energy field has been selected
as the key to open up an outbreak period of new economy.
At international level, the 16 Conference of the
Parties (COP 16) in 2010 in Cancun (Mexico) suggested an idea of “intergrating green growth in economic activities”
to cope with climate changes and energy crisis. At the first Global Green
Growth Forum–3GF in Copenhagen in Denmark (October 2011) with the main target
is to encourage green growth through public and private mechanism among
government and coporate sector and at the Summit Rio+20 in 2012 together make
an agreement about green growth. All of 30 international speciality
organizations directly under United Nation, which was the result of the
combination of UNEP with top countries
in the global green wave such as Japan, China, Korea, EU, especially Germany
and Nothern Europe countries, together release the message “The World Community should quickly shift to
a global green economy to save the Earth and humanity”.
In America, U.S. President Barack Obama regarded the new
energy policy development is an vital means to revive the U.S. economy. He
wanted to rely on the economic recovery by development of green energy sources.
He said that any countries move first in the establishment of a clean energy economy
will take control of the economy in the twenty-first century[3].
In Europe, energy consumtion and gas emission come
from 3 main industries: 25% from industry, 30% from transportation and 30% form
household electric devices and commercial[4].
Therefore, EU works as pioneers in developing green technology and green
ecnomy. In 2013, EU deployed to build clean technology and green economy in all
EU27, Germany is in the lead – the country builds the first strategy of green
economy in the world. Germany also makes an effort to become industrialized
power in the world using 100% renewable energy in 2050. In 2010, England is
marked as the country with large development of “green” technology with from electric car to wind farm and
solar energy plane. In England, households, which use green energy resources
with small scale as installing solar panels instead of turbine, will receive up
to 1.000 pounds per year for the electric energy created from those green
energy resources. Wind farm with 8 lines of turbine with total up to 100
turbine create capacity around 300MW, which may supply enough electricity for
around 200.000 households. In September 2010, 9 contries: Germany, France,
Belgium, Netherland, Luxembourg, Denmark, Sweden, Ireland, and England begin to
deploy the project “super electric grids” renewable energy. They will exploit “clean” energy
around North Sea–North Atlantic Ocean like solar energy, wind energy and wave
energy. Once this project is successful, it will be an important first step to
continue to accomplish engage of Europe United (EU) which states that trying to
use 20% renewable energy resource in 2020[5].
In Asia, Korea, Japan, China,
ASEAN do as pioneers. China which has largest developing economy in the world
has become a big player in the green technology revolution. China made an
investment plan about 738 billion USD to develop clean energy from 2011 to
2020. At the end of 2007, China decided to take 774 million USD to invest in
saving energy project, closing 2000 factories which directly harm the environment
(August 2010). China made an argeement for the world to reduce gas emission
around 40-45% in comparison with 2005, building Green Economic Zone. In 2010,
China also invested
49 billion USD for green economy. At the same time, to have green development,
China also carried out clean revolution, green revolution, high technology
revolution,… In recycling and renewable energy, each year, China received 17
billion USD and created job for 10 million people[6]. Ms.Wu Changhua, Director of non–govermental evironmental
organization in China states that: new
energy is seen as a motivation of new growing cycle of the economy in the
world. There is no doubt about it… Like the changes which information
technology, outer space and nuclear bring to the world after the previous
technology revolution, new energy will decides the future of the world[7]. In Korea, from 2008, Korea used 80% from economic
stimulus package (around 38,1 billion USD) to use in shifting from brown to
green economy. Nation strategy about “green growing, low carbon” of Korea
define the proportion of renewable energy in total energy supported is 2,7%
(2009), 3,78% (2013) and more than doubled up to 6,08% (2020); in 2010, Korea
announced “Strategy of developing green industry”, financing is designed to use
81% for the aim shifting growing model, top of the world, being a head of EU
(59%), China (38%). For example, using 10,5 billion USD investing in improving
the river, 5,8 billion USD in using energy effectively, 1,8 billion USD in growing forest[8],… Korea also invested around 40
billion USD during 4 years (2008–2012) to develop industry and green technology
with general spearhead industry. The government also builds “green
transportation” system, including railway which releases low carbon and 3.000
km bicycle trails around four green river, as well as sets the medium term goal
to decrease gas emission which cause greenhouse effect down to 30% before 2020[9]. From 2003, Japan enforced
“Strategy of biomass energy” and built biomass city. In 2009, there were 208
cities and in 2010, there were 300 cities which win this title. In 2008, Japan
made a plan of “Action plan for a low
carbon society” like producing solar energy, taking the best position in
the world with the aim of increase 10 times in 2020, 40 times in 2030,
developing new car generation, implementing life style of reducing CO2, reducing using fossil fuels, and saving
energy aim to decrease green house gas emissions, saving the economy and civil
in case of rising the price of energy. Japan promoted to produce and use non–fossill
fuel energy including renewable energy and nuclear energy. Because of the
changes in situation of the world, region and domestic, Japan’economy has
sluggished and recession would last long. Japan made “New growing strategy”,
reconstructing the economy 2011–2020 with 7 fields and 21 national projects,
among them, green changing and growing are the mosturgent with the aim of
creating the demand around 50 billion Japanese yen and 1,4 million jobs through
developing and publicing green technology to reduce green house emissions gas 25% in 2020. To
implement effectively green growing, Japan
made some solutions such as setting clear price for releasing carbon,
strengthening using environmental taxs, developing renewable energy, abrogating
subsidy for fossil fuels and taxs amount[10]…
ASEAN gave out General Statement
(July 2010) giving out growing model “lowing
carbon – green growing” and promoting coporating energy with East Asia
region, in there, taking most care of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM),
developing millitary nuclear energy…to limit negative effects of climate
changes. Nowaday, ASEAN countries are concentrating in investing and innovating
energy technology to increase energy productivities. Applying technology of
simultaneous producing energy (at the same time producing both electricity and
heat from a raw material) which is applying effectively in Thailand, Indonesia,
Malaysia,…
At Asia – Europe Meeting (ASEM)
at Hanoi (Octorber 2011), many countries gave out ideas, green stable
developing models; experiences of building institution, policy, legal corridor
to promote green growing, and state that green growing is the solution helping
the world overcome serious challenges of economic crisis, population explosion,
exhaustion of natural resources, declining biodiversity, environmental
pollution, and climate changes. The forum promoted, oriented the policy of Asia
– Europe of green growing, ASEM promoted green growing model aiming to action
to greening ASEAM to become nuclear for the process of greening the world
economy.
At Asia –
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) closing at November 13, 2011, Hawaii,
America, APEC leaders passed Honolulu announcement, in there, APEC defined
solving regional environmental and economic challenges byshifting to green
economy, low carbon, increasing energy security and creating new resources for
economic growing and jobs. In 2012, APEC developed environmental catalogue
(green products) and decided to decrease tax for those products in the end of 2015.
APEC will remove non–tariff barriers including requirements of localization
ratio with services and environmental products. To promote aims of green
growing, APEC will implement some methods such as decreasing 45% energy
intensity of APEC in 2035 in comparison with 2005, combining developing
strategy about releasing low carbon with ecnonomic growing plan through Low
Carbon City Form project[11].
According to SHBC estimates (as of early 2009), the
investment for green development accounted for 14% of total the stimulus package
globally, with a focus on: building house which use energy efficiency, alternative
energy and renewable, transport energy saving, sustainable agricultural
development, water use efficiency.
Besides investments from the stimulus package of the
government, the country focus on using leverage measures, particularly carbon
taxes and fees, including the USA, the EU... This will cause discharging
emission more expensive and will increase the pressure on polluting industries,
encourage investment and consumer cleaning products. For example, to encourage
energy saving in transport, many countries are adopting fuel taxes (such as
Poland, Sweden ...); tariff quota licenses and vehicles (such as the EU, Japan...).
In addition, several countries are going to make land planning at urban and
rural such as China, India, changed Environmental Law towards improving
environmental standards, recycling regulations in some sectors, environmental
labeling for agricultural products...
4. OBSTACLES IN
GREEN TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
The implementation of green technology is not the
immediate solution, but a long-term solution. The transition to green
technology is very difficult, not simple . The transition to clean energy still
must overcome many obstacles:
(1) In terms of infrastructure. Electric power supply
network from 50 to 100 years old need to change to be able to use all the
alternative fuels;
(2) Energy technology is a difficult problem, turn
wind power into energy is technology was relatively complete but still has a
lot to do with the different types of renewable energy such as solar,
geothermal, bio-energy...;
(3) The cost to implement green technologies is very
large, it requires a huge financing costs of countries. Implementing green
technologies also touching forces are benefiting as oil companies, coal, cars,
insurance... For example, one of the first factors that may hinder the intent
of President Obama's green technology is the powerful influence of coal and oil
groups;
5. VIETNAM WITH GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY
IMPLICATIONS
During more
than 27 years of innovating, Vietnam’s economy reached a quite impressive grow
rate, this also cause a large demand of energy. According to forecast, the grow
of energy demand in Vietnam is 8,1 – 8,7% in (2001 – 2020). Then, energy demand
in industry increases significantly: from 4,36 million tons TOE (3) (2000) up
to 16,29 million tons TOE (2010); 23,74 million tons TOE (2015) and 33,12
million tons TOE (2020). Rate of using energy of Vietnam is twice as big as regional
countries in Asia. To create 1.000 USD GDP, Vietnam use around 600 Kg TOE, 1,5
times higher comparising with Thailand and twice higher comparising with the
average amount of the world. In 2010 – 2020 the energy demand of Vietnam will
increase 3 times. Vietnam is facing with depending on importing energy[12].
Scientists claim that
Vietnam is one of countries which are most affected negatively by climate
changes. Now, natural disaster – related damages each year take 1,5% GDP of
Vietnam. In 2100, average temperature in Vietnam will increase around 2,30C,sea level increase around 0,74 m. According to
estimation of Asian Development Bank (ADB), average damages of climate changes
in 4 countries: Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam may be 6,7% GDP in
2100, twice as big as the world’s rate. According to estimation of World Bank,
Vietnam is one of 12 countries which are most affected negatively by increasing
sea level because of climate changes, around 16% areas, 35% populations, and
35% GDP of this country may be damaged seriously if the sea level increase 5 m[13].
If Vietnam do not shift to develop clean technology, lowing CO2 technology, the risk from environmental pollution and
climate changes will be unpredictable. Deploying using energy effectively and
applying low carbon technology on large scale can stabilize CO2 of Vietnam untill 2030, reducing by half domestic
environmental fees, strengthening energy security without negative effects to
growing. In the present and future, Vietnam has a lot of advantages to develop
green technologies and aim to stable development of economy. Vietnam is country
locating in central of Southeast Asia with tropical monsoon climate with a lot
of sunshine, wind, and rain, natural conditions are very appropriate to develop
renewable energy with 2.500 MW biomass, small hydro electric power at 7.000 MW,
wind electricity at 3.000 MW… However, the ability of exploiting those energy
resources is low with around 150 MW biomass, 1.100 MW small hydro electric
power, 55 MW windelectricity has been exploited[14].
According to World Bank (WB), potentiality of wind electricity of Vietnam is
top of Sountheast Asia with total capacity estimated around 513.360 MW (10
times higher than electricity demand in 2020). Wind power is the most important
source of electricity and will be develop up to 1.000 MW (2020) and 6.200 MW
(2030). Electrical energy producing from wind power takes from 0,7% (2020) to
2,4% (2030). Next, other renewable energy such as heat power from solar energy
(the most additional, active, cleanest, cheapest electric sources comparing to
gas electricity, diesel, nuclear), photo– electric, tide, geothermy, biomass,
biodiesel combining gas electricity, coal–fired power, hydro electric power[15].
However, according to estimated, Vietnam will need around 130 billion USD in
2010– 2030 to invest in energy industry, in there, 65,5% will be used for
development of electricity. Besides, oil and gas are also one of the top
priorities in Vietnam. To make that a reality, Vietnam needs to continue to
attrack technology investigation, especially exploration and exploition
technologies.
Model of economic development in Vietnam over time
primarily developed in width, based on the exploitation of natural resources,
raw materials and semi-processed. Therefore requires urgent to switch to the
model developed in depth, using clean energy. Thus maintain economic growth,
reduce climate change, strengthen energy security are posing an urgent need for
green technology development in Vietnam. In addition, the potential of new and
renewable energy in Vietnam is very large, so the diversification of energy
supply in Vietnam is necessary and urgent.
As the above analysis of the role and significance of
green technology is huge, not only at national level but also at the global
level, which is focus on sustainable economic development in the future. The
trend in green technology around the world opens up opportunities for Vietnam
to go straight to proactively develop green technologies and the green economy,
but also create lagging behind further if Vietnam don't seize opportunities.
For developing countries like Vietnam, the pursuit of
a new economy, with innovation technology needs are becoming the major task.
Therefore, development issues and sustainable green technology should become a
strategic priority in Vietnam's economic development for next decade.
Economic Development Strategy - Social 2011-2020 of
Vietnam has emphasized the importance of developing green technologies and the
green economy: focus on the development of green economy, environmental
friendly. Perform sustainable production and consumption, step by step
development of clean energy and clean production[16].
At the Asean Ministers on Energy Meeting conference of South East Asia (AMEM
28) in Vietnam dated 27-7-2010, Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung emphasized
further cooperation in ASEAN to promote power projects, oil and gas, energy
efficiency, renewable energy, clean development mechanism. Deputy Prime
Minister Hoang Trung Hai emphasized the exhibition opening remarks green
technology Green Biz 2009 and conference on environmental solutions business of
European green for Vietnam in Hanoi that day 17-9-2009, Vietnam government
consistently advocated economic development - society must be associated with environmental
protection, applaud and encourage the exchange of experiences, collaborative
research, development and application of green technologies with foreign partners,
including Europe, one of the most development technology center in the world.
In 2007, the Energy Development Strategy of Vietnam
country until 2020 and vision to 2050 approved.
Law saving energy use in 2010... As such, revolution transition to clean
energy demand asked Vietnam to make significant domestic policy and deploy
institutional reforms. However, in policies, programs and strategies for energy
in Vietnam has not mention about reduce using technology which is exhaust the
carbon emissions, carbon charge, and the specific tasks in development sources
of renewable energy.
In 2011, Vietnam deployed building Green growing strategy (2011–2030) and
forecasting 2050. This strategy is the process of reconstruction the economy to
go to use natural resources effectively, decrease release green house gas
emissions through examining and applying modern technology; develop
infrastructure system to increase economy effectiveness, cope with climate
changes.
In order to make sustainable development of the energy
industry, Vietnam needs to invest huge funds in the next few decades, Vietnam
enterprises account for over 90% of Vietnam's economy is not ready to the
energy saving and using new energy.
Because of these reason above, we offer some
suggestions as follows:
Should concretize and realize the Law used to save
energy in many different levels.
- Need to promulgate new laws such as the Law on clean
energy.
- Must have pricing policy, charging carbon on
confidence level, consistent with Vietnam, the region and the world in long
term.
- There are specific policies for development and
using energy sources that Vietnam has strength as source of new and renewable energy.
The government encourages enterprises to participate effectively use.
- International cooperation on developing energy technology,
clean technology and make the commitment to effective.
6. CONCLUSION
The development trend of green technology is a
strategic priority for many countries in the world selected to respond to the
crisis and after the economic crisis, it is considered the turning point for the
recovery process of the global economy and a new impetus to the promotion of
global economic sustainable development in the twenty-first century.
Vietnam needs to continue innovation economy and
restructure national economy towards developing dynamic, efficient and
sustainable, should enlist the development trend of green technology in the
world, at the same time institutional innovation, consolidation and
implementation of policies and guidelines for the development of green
technology in order to overcome challenges to restructure the economy, putting
the economy flourished in the decades to come.
REFERENCES
[1] Communist Party of Vietnam, The draft of economic- social development
strategy 2011 – 2020, Ha Noi,
Vietnam, 24 October 2010a.
[2] Brack Obama, New energy policy
of Brack Obama, Politique
International Journal, No. 125, 2009.
[3] Changhua, Wu, New Energy: Key era of
economic boom, Economic news, Vietnam News Agency, 15 September 2009.
[4] World Bank, Global Economic
Prospects 2009, Forecast Update, Washington D.C, 2009.
[5] IMF, World Economic Outlook
(WEO), Washington D.C, 2010.
[6] VietnamAcademy off Social Sciences, Economic Restructuring towards the model of green growth –
International Exxperience and Implication for Vietnam, Publising Social
Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2012.
[7] Vo Minh Tap (Co-author),
Green growth in the Era of Globalisation, Publising Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2013.
[8] Vo Minh Tap (Co-author), Sustainable Energy Development,
Publising Houese for Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2013.
[9] Werner
Pascha, South Korea’s Economic policy
response to the global Economic crisis – A Comparative perspective,
Feiburg, 20-22 September 2010.
[10] Sustainable Development with green technology, http://www.tienphong.vn/Kinh-Te/phat-trien-ben-vung-voi-cong-nghe-xanh-697346.tpo
[11] Quang, Vu Nhat (2014), Solutions
to ensure energy security for Asia, http://nangluongvietnam.vn/news/vn/an-ninh-nang-luong-va-moi-truong/giai-phap-dam-bao-an-ninh-nang-luong-cho-khu-vuc-chau-a.html, 23 April 2008.
[12] Binh, Pham Thi Thanh (2014), Growth Economic and Vietnam ‘s
energy security issues, http://nangluongvietnam.vn/news/vn/an-ninh-nang-luong-va-moi-truong/tang-truong-kinh-te-va-van-de-an-ninh-nang-luong-cua-viet-nam.html, 27 March 2014.
[13] The Steering Committee for Climate Change Mitigation
and Adaptation (Vietnam), http://occa.mard.gov.vn.
[15] Viet
Nam Government Portal, Vietnam, http://www.chinhphu.vn
[1] According to the figures from Environmental Work Group
(EWG) locating in Germany, there are around 1.255 billion cans of underground
energy, which are enough for people to use in the next 42 years. With the speed
of exploitation today, within the next 30 years, the sources of underground
paraffin oil will decrease significantly and will become exhausted within the
next 50-60 years. Meanwhile, according to International Energy Agency (IEA),
coal and natural gas reserves now remain around 909 billion tons and will
become exhausted within the next 155 years. Online: http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn, 4 April, 2008.
[2]
Vo Minh Tap
(Co-author),
Sustainable Energy Development,
Publising Houese for Science and Technology, Hanoi, 2013, p.55.
[3] Brack
Obama, New energy policy of Brack Obama,
Politique International Journal, No. 125, 2009.
[4] Online:
Sustainable Development with green
technology, http://www.tienphong.vn/Kinh-Te/phat-trien-ben-vung-voi-cong-nghe-xanh-697346.tpo
[6] Tap, Vo
Minh (Co-author,
2013), Green growth in the Era of Globalisation,
Publishing Economic, pp.70.
[7] Changhua,
Wu, New Energy: Key era of economic boom, Economic
news, Vietnam News Agency, 15 September 2009.
[8] Werner Pascha (2010), South Korea’s Economic policy response to
the global Economic crisis – A Comparative perspective, Feiburg, 20-22 September 2010, pp.20.
[9] Tap, Vo
Minh (Co-author,
2013), Green growth in the Era of Globalisation,...pp.70.
[10] Tap, Vo
Minh (Co-author,
2013), Green growth in the Era of Globalisation,
… pp.71.
[11] Available at: Viet
Nam Government Portal, Vietnam, http://www.chinhphu.vn
[12] Quang, Vu
Nhat (2014), Solutions to ensure energy
security for Asia, Available at: http://nangluongvietnam.vn/news/vn/an-ninh-nang-luong-va-moi-truong/giai-phap-dam-bao-an-ninh-nang-luong-cho-khu-vuc-chau-a.html, 23 April 2008.
[13] Available at:
The Steering Committee
for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (Vietnam), http://occa.mard.gov.vn.
[14] According of Mr.Nguyen Duc Cuong - Director, Centre for Renewable Energy and the Clean
Development Mechanism, Institute of Energy Science, Ministry of Industry and Trade.
[15] Binh, Pham Thi Thanh (2014), Growth Economic and Vietnam ‘s energy security issues, Available at: http://nangluongvietnam.vn/news/vn/an-ninh-nang-luong-va-moi-truong/tang-truong-kinh-te-va-van-de-an-ninh-nang-luong-cua-viet-nam.html, 27 March 2014.
[16] Communist Party of Vietnam (2010a), The draft of economic- social development
strategy 2011 – 2020, Ha Noi,
Vietnam, 24 October
2010, pp.45.
.
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